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ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES IN SOIL SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY

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AUTHORS: SUDHARMAI DEVI C.R. & SOMANI L.L. 

PUBLISHING YEAR: 2022

EDITION: 2nd

ISBN: 9789390647224

© All Rights Reserved

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Description

ABOUT THE BOOK

All scientists generally depend on analysis as a major means of solving scientific problems. This is to enable them proffer solutions to numerous questions on the content of the materials with which they work. The methods by which these analyses are carried out are referred to as analytical techniques. The types of analytical techniques may vary from field to field. This variation stems primarily from differences in the nature of materials with which people in each field works.

Soil science is branch of applied sciences that makes use of the principles of physics, chemistry, biology and mathematics in the study of soil. This is because the soil consists of matter (living and non-living) interacting together physically, chemically and biologically to provide ecosystem services at all levels of consideration. For a soil scientist to be able therefore to answer questions on the constituents of soil, he needs to carry out one form of analysis or the other. Methods of analysis in soil science consist of chemical, biological and physical  techniques.

the analytical procedures pertaining to soil, plant, fertilisers and irrigation water are dealt with under separate chapters. the analyrtical methods are chosen in such a way that they are applicabe under the conditions available in most of our soil science laboratories.

Efforts have been made to make the book comprehensive and easy to use. It is hoped that this book would be useful to students, teachers and researches in agriculture and related disciplines. The effort will be rewarding, if the student or researcher finds it handy for most of his requirements.

CONTENTS

Title PAGE
Preface 3-4
About The Book 12
About The Authors 13
CHAPTERS  
1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Maintenance of a Chemical Analytical Laboratory

1.2 Glassware’s

1.3 Preparation of Reagents and Standard Solution

1.4 Preparation of Cleaning Solutions

1.5 Chromic-Sulphuric Acid Cleaning Solution

1.8 Instrumental Laboratory

1.7 Analytical Accuracy

 

2.0 IMPORTANT LABORATORY INSTRUCTIONS

2.1 Some Laboratory Requirements

2.2 Laboratory Apparatus

2.3 Solutions

2.4 Preparation of Standard Solution

 

3.0 LABORATORY SAFETY

3.1 Important Facts to Know

3.2 Laboratory Safety Measures

3.2.1  Different Categories where Safety is Needed

3.2.2  General Safety Rules

3.3 Handling Contamination

 

4.0  SOIL ANALYSIS

4.1 Soil Sampling And Sample Preparation

4.1.1 Soil Sampling

4.1.2 Method of Soil Sampling

4.2 Sampling of Waterlogged soils

4.3 Preparation of Soil Sample in the Laboratory

4.3.1 Sampling tools and sample preparation

4.4 Moisture Content in the Soil Sample

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Title PAGE
Preface 3-4
About The Book 12
About The Authors 13
CHAPTERS  
1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Maintenance of a Chemical Analytical Laboratory

1.2 Glassware’s

1.3 Preparation of Reagents and Standard Solution

1.4 Preparation of Cleaning Solutions

1.5 Chromic-Sulphuric Acid Cleaning Solution

1.8 Instrumental Laboratory

1.7 Analytical Accuracy

 

2.0 IMPORTANT LABORATORY INSTRUCTIONS

2.1 Some Laboratory Requirements

2.2 Laboratory Apparatus

2.3 Solutions

2.4 Preparation of Standard Solution

 

3.0 LABORATORY SAFETY

3.1 Important Facts to Know

3.2 Laboratory Safety Measures

3.2.1  Different Categories where Safety is Needed

3.2.2  General Safety Rules

3.3 Handling Contamination

 

4.0  SOIL ANALYSIS

4.1 Soil Sampling And Sample Preparation

4.1.1 Soil Sampling

4.1.2 Method of Soil Sampling

4.2 Sampling of Waterlogged soils

4.3 Preparation of Soil Sample in the Laboratory

4.3.1 Sampling tools and sample preparation

4.4 Moisture Content in the Soil Sample

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4.5 Particle Size Distribution Analysis

4.6 Bulk Density of Soils (Undisturbed soil)

3   

4   

4.7  Keen- Raczkowski Measurements

4.8 Preparation of Saturation Extract

4.9 Determination of Saturation Percentage

4.10 Aggregate Size Distribution

4.10.1Dry Sieve Aggregate Analysis

4.10.2Wet Sieve Aggregate Analysis

4.11  Soil Moisture at Different Tensions

4.12  Hydraulic Conductivity

4.12.1Hydraulic Conductivity of Undisturbed Soil

4.12.2Hydraulic Conductivity of Disturbed Soil

4.13  Infiltration Rate

4.13.1Basin Method

4.13.2Cylinder Method

4.14  Soil Reaction

4.15  Exchangeable Acidity by Extraction with 1 M KCI

4.16  Extractable Acidity (Potential Acidity, Titrateable  

   Acidity)

4.17  Organic Matter Determinations in Soil

4.17.1Loss on Ignition

4.17.2Organic Carbon (Walkley and Black’s Rapid Titration Method)

4.17.3Fractionation of Humus

4.17.4Fractionation of Organic Matter

4.18  Cation Exchange Capacity

4.19   Lime Requirement of Soil

4.19.1Buffer Method (Shoemaker et al.)

4.19.2Derivation from Exchangeable Al

4.20  Gypsum Requirement of Soil

4.21  Determination of Calcium Carbonate in Soil

4.22  Determination of Total Elements

4.22.1Wet Digestion

4.22.2Fusion with Sodium Carbonate

4.23  Determination of Silica

4.24  Determination of Nitrogen in Soil

4.24.1Total Nitrogen (Microkjeldahl Method)

4.24.2Total Nitrogen (Macrokjeldahl Method)

4.24.3Available  Nitrogen in Soil

4.24.4Determination of Ammonium Nitrogen

4.24.5Determination of Nitrite Nitrogen (NO2-N)

4.24.6Nitrate Nitrogen in soil

4.25  Determination of Phosphorus

4.25.1Total Phosphorus

4.25.2Available Phosphorus in soils

4.25.3Fractionation of Inorganic Phosphorus in Soil

4.25.4P Fixing Capacity of Soil

4.26  Determination of Potassium

4.26.1Total Potassium

4.26.2Available Potassium

4.26.3Cold Dilute H2SO4 Soluble Potassium

4.26.4Boiling HNO3 Soluble K

4.26.5K Fixing Capacity of Soils

4.27   Determination of Calcium and Magnesium

4.27.1Total Calcium and Magnesium

4.27.2Exchangeable Calcium and Magnesium

4.28  Determination of Sulphur

4.28.1Total Sulphur

4.28.2Available Sulphur

4.28.3Organic Sulphur

4.28.4Suphate Sulphur

4.29  Determination of Micro nutrient

A.   Determination by AAS

4.29.1Total Fe, Mn, Zn & Cu

4.29.2Available Fe, Mn, Zn & Cu

4.29.3Determination of Aluminium

B.   Colorimetric Procedures for Micronutrients

4.29.4Determination of Iron

4.29.5Determination of Manganese

4.29.6Determination of Molybdenum

4.29.7Determination  of Boron

4.29.8Determination of Available Copper

4.29.9Determination of Available Zinc

 

5.0 PLANT ANALYSIS

5.1 Collection and Preparation of Plant Samples for Analysis

5.2 Crop sampling & Sample Preparation

5.3 Determination of Moisture

5.4 Determination of Crude Fibre

5.5 Digestion of Plant Samples for Estimation of Elements

5.5.1  Digestion for Nitrogen

5.5.2  Digestion for P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu

5.6 Determination of Nitrogen

5.7 Determination of Phosphorus

5.8 Determination  of  Potassium

5.9 Determination of Calcium and  Magnesium

5.10  Determination of Micronutrients

5.11  Determination of Chlorophyll Content

5.12  Determination of Oil Content

5.13  Determination of Fatty Acids

5.14  Determination of HCN Content

5.15  Determination of Phenols

5.16  Determination of Total Amino Acids

 

6.0 ANALYSIS OF FRUITS

6.1 Determination of Acidity

6.2 Determination of Reducing Sugars

6.3 Determination of Total and Non-reducing Sugars

6.4 Determination of Total Soluble Sugars (Colorimetry)

6.5 Determination of Vitamin C

6.6 Determination of Starch

6.6.1 Method-I

6.6.2 Determination of Starch ( Method-II)

6.7 Determination of Amylose in Starch

 

7.0 ANALYSIS OF OILS AND FATS

7.1 Determination of Acid Value

7.2 Determination  of Iodine Value

7.3 Determination of Saponification Value

 

8.0 ANALYSIS OF FERTILIZERS AND MANURES

8.1 Sampling of Fertilizers

8.2 Analysis of Nitrogenous Fertilizer

8.2.1  Determination of Total Nitrogen

8.2.2  Determination of Biuret in Urea

8.2.3  Ammoniacal Nitrogen

8.2.4  Ammoniacal and Nitrate Nitrogen

8.3 Fertiliser Containing both forms of Nitrogen

8.4 Nitrogen in the Amide Form

8.5 Free Acidity in Nitrogenous -fertilizers

8.6 Analysis of Phosphatic Fertilizer

8.6.1  Determination of Total Phosphate Content

8.6.2  Determination of Water Soluble Phosphate

8.6.3  Determination of Calcium

8.6.4  Determination of Sulphate

8.7 Analysis of Bone Meal

8.8 Citrate Insoluble phosphorous

8.9 Citrate Soluble phosphorous

8.10 Citric Acid Soluble phosphorous

8.11 Free Phosphoric Acid

8.12 Analysis of Potassic Fertilizers

8.13 Total Potassium in Fertillizers

 

9.0 ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC MANURE

9.1 Sampling of Manures

9.2 Determination of Moisture

9.3 Determination of Nitrogen

9.4 Determination of Phosphorus

9.5 Determination of Potash

9.6 Potassium Content in Manures

9.7 Sodium Teteaphenyl Boron Method

9.8 Determination of Calcium

9.9 Determination of Micronutrients

 

10.0ANALYSIS OF OIL CAKE

10.1 Determination of Moisture

10.2 Determination of Total Nitrogen

10.3 Determination of Total P2O5

10.4 Determination of Total Potassium

 

11.0ANALYSIS OF IRRIGATION WATER

11.1 Collection of Water Samples

11.2 Determination of Total Salts (EC)

11.3 Determination of pH

11.4 Determination of Anions

11.4.1Determination of Carbonates and Bicarbonates

11.5  Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC)

11.5.1Determination of Chlorides

11.5.2Determination of Sulphate

11.5.3Determination of Phosphate

11.6  Determination of Boron

11.6.1Method I- Colormetry by Using Carmine

11.6.2Method II- Colormetry by Using Curcumine

11.7  Determination of Fluorine

11.7.1Colorimetry

11.7.2Titration Against Thorium Nitrate

11.7.3By Using Selective Electrodes

11.8  Determination of Nitrogen

11.9  Determination of Cations

11.9.1Determination of Ca and Mg

11.9.2Determination of Potassium

11.9.3Determination of Sodium

11.9.4Determination of Silica

11.9.5Determination of Trace Elements

11.10            Determination of Toxic Heavy Metals

11.10.1 Cadmium

11.10.2 Chromium

11.10.3 Lead

11.10.4 Lithium

11.11            Dissolved Oxygen

11.12            Oxygen Consumed From Permanganate

11.13            Biochemical Oxygen Demand

11.14            Chemical Oxygen Demand

11.15            Classification of Irrigation Water Based on  

  Quality

11.16            Water Class Rating

11.17            Permanent Hardness of Water

 

12.0 PRINCIPLES IN INSTRUMENTAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS

12.1 colorimetry

12.2  Function of a  Colorimeter

12.3  Function of Eeach Component

12.4  Choice for Filters for Photometric Examination

12.5 Spectrophotometer

12.6 Flame Photometer

12.7 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)

12.8  Infra Red Absorption Spectroscopy

 

13.0 PREPARATION OF STANDARD CURVES FOR DIFFERENT ELEMENTS

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Biuret

13.3 Copper

13.4 Phosphorus

13.5 Potassium

13.6 Sulphat sulphur

13.7 Zinc

 

14.0 MAINTENANCE OF LABORATORY EQUIPMENTS

14.1 Maintenance of pH meter

14.2 Maintenance of Conductivity Bridge

14.3 Maintenance of cplorimeter

14.4 Maintenance of Flame Photometer

 

15.0 QUALITY ASSURANCE CONTROL

15.1 Laboratory Quality Assurance

15.2 Quality Control of Analytical Procedures

 

16.0 PRECISION AND ACCURACY

16.1 Introduction

16.1.1 Precision/ Repeatability/ Reproducibility

16.2 Errors

 

17.0 IMPORTANT LABORATORY REAGENTS AND THEIR CHEMICAL CONTENTS

17.1  Reagents and Standards

17.2 Types of Laboratory Chemicals

17.3 Preparation of Important Chemicals

 

GLOSSARY

 

APPENDIX- I-III

 

Selected References

 

 

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ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Dr. C.R. Sudharmai Devi is  Professor in the Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry of the Kerala Agricultural University. In the course of over three decades she has held various university positions of teaching and research and handled a number of research projects. A considerable amount of time was spent in soil and plant analysis in the laboratory, when, the want of a concise manual was continually felt. Dr. Devi, with more than a score of published papers to her credit, is currently interested in plant nutrition, especially sodium-potassium nutrition. She is a member of several professional bodies like Indian Society of Coastal Agricultural Research and Indian Society of Root Crops.

 Prof. (Dr.) L.L. Somani (b.1945) Retired Director (RI) & Dean PG Studies, MPUAT Udaipur has over 400 papers published in National and International Journals/ Symposia, etc. and many number of books to his credit in different disciplines of Agriculture and allied fields. He held different positions in MPUAT, has spreaded highly innovative ideas, and programmes for development of Agriculture. Prof. Somani has been honoured with several awards.

Additional information

AUTHOR/AUTHORS

SOMANI L.L., SUDHARMAI DEVI C.R.
PAGES

268
BINDING

Hard Back
PUBLICATION YEAR

2022

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