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TEXTBOOK OF UNDERUTILIZED VEGETABLE CROPS

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AUTHORS: A.K. PANDEY

PUBLISHING YEAR: 2022

ISBN: 9789390647019

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ABOUT THE BOOK

Underutilized vegetable crops have a long history of local consumption, and local people are aware of their nutritional and medicinal attributes. However, cultivation is done mainly by poor farming communities which derive their sustenance and livelihood from such plants in specialized geographical regions. They have immense potential for contribution to particular pocket’s of food production because they are well adapted to existing and adverse environmental conditions and possess resistance towards pests and diseases. The BSMA committee of ICAR has provided a broad outline of underutilized vegetables. It has been placed in the vegetable science syllabus to complete the course requirement for the award of a Master degree in the discipline of Vegetable Science.

Underutilized vegetables have not yet received adequate attention from researchers for their genetic improvement, standardizing of production, and protection protocols. Most of our efforts are restricted to widely grown major and exotic vegetables.  A large number of underutilized vegetables have shown good promise for utilization of the marginal soils, vast areas of which otherwise lie barren as wastelands. The use of these marginal lands will help augmenting supplies of vegetables without conflicting with the food priorities. Advances in plant genomics now provide breeders advanced molecular and bioinformatics’ tools that allow the study of the whole genome to accelerate breeding efforts such as genome sequencing. The concerted efforts are needed to tame the technology and capitalize our knowledge to bring underutilized vegetables in domain of common people.  Author has made an arduous task to address more than 35 underutilized vegetables listed in the syllabus under various heads and has a firm belief that it will address the requirement of study materials on these crops in well fitting manner.  It will be very useful for the students of Vegetable Science and different disciplines of botany and medicinal sciences.

CONTENT

Chapter No. Title Page
Preface
Foreword
Foreword
Chapter-1 Introductory Consideration
    

 

Underutilized Vegetables: importance, issues and strategies 1
Nutritional and Medicinal Importance of Underutilized  vegetables 2
Nutritionally rich underutilized Brassica vegetables 3
Nutrient rich underutilized  Legume vegetables 3
Nutrient dense underutilized  Cucurbits 5
Health beneficial Underutilized  Leafy Greens 6
Nutritional and medicinal importance of underutilized  root and tuber vegetables 8
Exploitation of underutilized vegetables for Industrial uses 8
Konjac Glucomannan (KGM) based food products of elephant foot yam 8
Adaptability of underutilized vegetables under adverse edaphic and climatic conditions 9
Criteria in prioritizing underutilized  vegetables 10
Climatic adaptability of underutilized vegetables 10
Availability of seeds and planting materials 11
Consumer’s Preference of underutilized Vegetables: 11
Processing and value-addition of  underutilized vegetables 12
Cultural Biodiversity 12
Constraints for the Development of Underutilized Vegetable Crops 12
Genetic Improvement of Underutilized   Vegetable Crops 12
Conclusion 14
 Breeding approaches for improvement of Underutilized legume vegetables 15
References 17
UNIT :  I STEM AND BULB CROPS  
 Chapter-2 Asparagus 24
Area and Production 24
Origin and Distribution 25
Climate and Soil 24
Botanical Description 25
Taxonomic position of  genus Asparagus 26
Morphological Description of  Plant 26
Varieties 26
Propagation 28
Seed Propagation 28
Crown Propagation 28
Sowing and Planting Time 28
Manures and Fertilizers 28
Irrigation and Weed Management 28
Harvesting 29
Post harvest Management 29
Pre-cooling and Storage Conditions 29
Postharvest Disease 30
Physiological Disorders 30
Major Diseases 30
Major Pests 31
Genetic Resources and Improvement 32
Tissue Culture 32
References 33
Chapter-3 Leek 34
Origin and Distribution 34
Botanical Description 34
Taxonomic position of  genus      Allium L 35
Morphological Description of  Plant 35
Cytogenetics 35
Varieties 35
Cultural Practices 36
Harvesting and Yield 36
Major Diseases 36
Major Pests 37
Genetic Resources and Improvement 37
Tissue culture 38
References 38
Chapter-4.  Globe Artichoke 40
Origin and Distribution 40
 Climate and Soil 41
 Propagation and Planting 41
 Seeding 41
 Planting 42
Irrigation 42
Use of PGR 42
 Interculture 42
Major Pests 43
 Major Diseases 43
Harvesting and  Storage 45
 In vitro propagation 45
References 45
Chapter-5. Chinese  Chives 48
Origin and Distribution 48
Botanical Description 48
Morphology 48
Climate and Soil 49
Propagation 49
Raising the seedlings and planting 49
Manures and Fertilizers 49
 Intercropping 49
Growth and Development 50
Harvesting 50
 Packaging and Storage 50
Cultivars 50
Genetic  Resources  and Improvement 51
 Micro-propagation 51
References 51
UNIT:  II  COLE AND SALAD CROPS
Chapter-6.  Red Cabbage 53
Nutritive value of  red cabbage 53
Botanical Description 53
Cultural Practices 54
 Varieties 54
Harvesting and Yield 54
 Major Diseases 54
 In vitro propagation 56
 References 56
Chapter-7.  Chinese Cabbage 57
Origin and Distribution 57
Botanical Description 57
Morphological Description of  Plant 57
Climate and Soil 58
 Varieties 58
 Cultural Practices 58
 Major Diseases 58
 Important Pests 59
Harvesting and Yield 60
 Seed Production 60
 Physiological Disorders 60
Genetic Improvement 60
 Biotechnology 61
References 61
Chapter-8. Kale 61
Origin and Distribution 62
Botanical Description 62
The distinguishing characters between kale and collards 63
Climate and Soil 63
Agro-techniques 64
Land preparation 64
 Manures and Fertilizers 64
Nursery Raising and Transplanting 64
Irrigation and Inter-culture 64
Harvesting and Storage 65
 Plant protection 65
Genetic Resources and Improvement 66
References 67
Chapter-9. Sweet Corn 70
Nutritive value 70
Taxonomic Position of the Genus Zea 70
 Varieties 71
Description of Plant 71
Genetics 71
Climate and Soil 73
Seed Rate 73
 Method of Sowing 73
Manures and Fertilizers 73
 Weed Management 73
Intercropping 74
 Harvesting of Cobs 74
 Postharvest  Handling 74
 Yield 75
Major Pests 75
Major Diseases 76
Improvement 76
 References 76
Chapter-10 Baby Corn 77
Nutritional  value  of  Baby corn 77
Production and Export of Baby corn 77
Botanical Description 78
Varieties 78
Climate and Soil 78
 Planting Season 78
 Manures and Fertilizers 78
  Seed rate and Spacing 79
 Irrigation 79
 Weed control 79
Plant Protection 79
 Cross Pollination 79
 Detasseling 79
 Intercropping 80
 Harvesting and Yield 80
Improvement 80
References 80
UNIT: III GOURDS & MELONS  
Chapter-11. Sweet Gourd 81
Nutritive value of sweet gourd 81
Origin and Distribution 81
Botanical Description 81
Taxonomic position of Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng 82
Climate and  Soil 82
Propagation 82
Time and method of planting 83
Manures and Fertilizers 83
Intercultural operation and training 83
Anthesis 83
Harvesting, Yield and Processing 83
Major diseases 84
 Major Insect-pests 84
Genetic Resources and Improvement 84
References 84
Chapter-12. Spine Gourd 86
Nutritive value of spine gourd 86
Origin and Distribution 86
Botanical Description 87
Taxonomic position of Momordica dioica. 87
Cytogenetics 87
Climate and  Soil 87
Propagation 87
 Seed Propagation 87
By tuber 88
By stem cuttings 88
Grafting 88
Manures and Fertilizers 88
Intercultural operation and training 88
Anthesis and Pollen Grain Germination 89
PGR for Sex Alteration 89
Harvesting and Yield 89
Genetic Resources and Improvement 89
 Tissue culture 90
References 90
Chapter-13. Teasle Gourd 93
Nutritive value of  teasle gourd 93
Origin and Distribution 94
Botanical Description 94
Taxonomic position of Cucumis dipsaceus 94
 Agro-techniques 95
Genetic Resources and Improvement 95
 References 96
Chapter-14.  Round Gourd 98
Nutritive value of   Round Gourd(tinda) 98
Origin and Distribution 99
Botanical Description 99
Taxonomic  status 99
Cultivars 100
Climate and  Soil 101
Manures and Fertilizers 101
 Seed Treatment 102
Sowing time 102
Application of PGR 102
Water Management 102
Weed  Management 102
Harvesting and Yield 103
Major Diseases 103
Major Pests 103
Genetic Resources and Improvement 104
References 104
Chapter-15. Ivy Gourd 107
Nutritive value of Ivy Gourd 107
Origin and Distribution 107
Botanical Description 107
Taxonomic position of Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt 107
Climate and  Soil 108
Propagation 108
Planting  Methods 109
Transplanting time 109
Manures and Fertilizers 109
Irrigation and Interculture 109
Harvesting and Yield 109
Improved varieties 110
Major Diseases 110
Genetic Resources and Improvement 110
Tissue culture 112
References 113
Chapter-16.  Snake Gourd 115
Nutritive value of   snake gourd 115
Origin and Distribution 115
Botanical Description 115
 Description of important Species 116
 Chromosome  Number of important Species 116
Varieties 117
Climate and  Soil 117
Manures and Fertilizers 117
Sowing time, seed rate and spacing 117
 Irrigation, weeding and staking 115
Use of PPGR 116
Anthesis 116
Harvesting  and Yield 118
 Major Diseases 118
 Major  Pests 119
Genetic Resources and Improvement 120
In vitro  regeneration 121
References 121
Chapter-17. Pointed Gourd 124
Nutritive value of  pointed gourd 124
Origin and Distribution 124
Botanical Description 124
Taxonomic position of Momordica dioica. 124
Climate and  Soil 125
 Cultivars 125
Propagation 125
Improved varieties of pointed gourd and their attributes 126
Manures and Fertilizers 129
 Irrigation 129
Interculture, Pruning and Training 129
Crop Rotation and Intercropping 129
Use of PGR 130
Harvesting, Yield and Storage 130
Plant Protection 130
Genetic Resources and Improvement 131
In vitro Propagation 132
 References 132
Chapter-18.   Kachari 135
Origin and Distribution 135
Botanical Description 136
Taxonomic  status 136
Varieties 136
Agro-techniques 137
 Anthesis 137
 Harvesting and Post harvest Management 137
References 136
Chapter-19.   Long Melon 140
Origin and Distribution 140
Botanical Description 140
Climate and Soil 140
Manures and Fertilizers 141
 Irrigation 141
 Major diseases 141
 Pests and Their control 142
Harvesting 142
Seed Production 142
Genetic Resources and Improvement 143
In vitro Propagation 143
References 143
Chapter-20.  Snap Melon 144
  Nutritive value of   snap melon 143
Origin and Distribution 144
Botanical Description 144
Climate and Soil 144
Manures and Fertilizers 145
 Irrigation and Interculture 145
Harvesting and Yield 145
Varieties 145
Genetic Resources and Improvement 146
Biotechnology 148
References 148
Chapter-21.  Gherkin 151
Nutritive value of   gherkin 151
Origin and Distribution 151
International Trade 151
Botanical Description 152
Taxonomic position 152
Varieties 153
Climate and  Soil 153
Manures and Fertilizers 152
 Seed Rate and Sowing 154
Irrigation 154
Pollination and Fruit set 154
Staking 154
Harvesting and Yield 154
Grade 155
Hydro cooling 155
Salt brining 155
Major Pests 156
Major Diseases 159
Genetic Resources and Improvement 160
References 161
Chapter-22. Oriental Pickling Melon 162
Nutritive value of Oriental Pickling Melon 162
Origin and Distribution 162
Botanical Description 162
Taxonomic position of Oriental Pickling Melon 162
Varieties 163
Preparation of land 164
Manures and Fertilizers 164
Seed Rate 164
Sowing 164
Spacing 164
Flowering, Fruiting and Harvesting 164
Plant Protection 164
Seed Extraction 165
Genetic Resources and Improvement 165
References 166
UNIT:  IV LEAFY VEGETABLES  
Chapter-23. Celery 168
Nutritional composition of  celery leaves and  stalk 168
Origin and Distribution 168
Botanical Description 169
Taxonomic position of the genus Apium 169
Morphological Description 169
Cytogenetics 170
 Varieties 170
Climate and Soil 171
Nursery Raising and Transplanting 171
Manures and Fertilizers 171
 Irrigation 171
 Blanching 171
 Harvesting  and Yield 171
Controlled Atmosphere  Storage 172
Major Diseases 172
Major Pests 173
Genetic Resources and Improvement 174
Tissue culture 176
References 177
Chapter-24.  ParsleY 179
Nutritional composition of   fresh leaves  of parsley 179
Origin and Distribution 180
Botanical Description 180
Taxonomic position of the genus  Petroselinum 180
Morphological Description 180
Climate and Soil 180
Seed Sowing and Planting 180
Interculture 181
Plant Protection 181
Harvesting  and Yield 181
Postharvest Management 181
 Controlled Atmosphere  Storage 182
Genetic Resources and Improvement 182
Tissue culture 183
References 183
Chapter-25.  Indian Spinach 185
Nutritional compositional   of  Indian spinach 185
Gomphrenin 185
Origin and Distribution 186
Botanical Description 186
Taxonomic position of the genus   Basella 186
Climate and  Soil 186
Propagation 187
Seed Propagation 187
Vegetative Propagation 188
Manures and Fertilizers 188
Effect of N application on the plant composition 188
Irrigation 189
Weed Management 189
Effect of Photoperiod and Plant Growth Substances 189
Fertilization and Embryogenesis 189
 Pests and Diseases 190
Harvesting and   Yield 190
 Seed Production 190
Genetic Resources and Improvement 190
In vitro Propagation 190
References 191
Chapter-26. Spinach 193
Nutritional compositional   of spinach 193
Trace element content in amaranth leaves 193
Origin and Distribution 194
Botanical Description 194
Taxonomic position of the genus  Spinacia 195
Morphological Description of Plant 195
Varieties 195
Climate and  Soil 196
Manures and Fertilizers 196
Sowing and Seed Rate 196
Weed Management 196
Growth and Development 196
 Irrigation 197
Harvesting and   Yield 197
 Seed Production 197
Hybrid Seed Production 198
Isolation Distance 198
Roguing stages 198
Harvesting and Seed Processing 198
 Plant Protection 198
Genetic  Resources  and Improvement 199
Breeding for Low Anti Nutritional Factors 199
Breeding for Pest Resistance 200
Tissue Culture 200
References 200
Chapter-27. Chenopod 203
Nutritive value of chenopod leaves 203
Essential amino acid content of chenopod leaf protein 203
Origin and Distribution 204
Botanical Description 204
Climate and  Soil 205
Agro-techniques 205
Varieties 205
Harvesting and Yield 205
Genetic Resources and Improvement 206
References 206
Chapter-28. chekurmanis 207
Nutritive value of Chekurmanis leaves 207
Origin and Distribution 208
Botanical Description 208
Taxonomic position of the genus Sauropus L 208
Climate and  Soil 208
 Propagation 208
Planting 208
Interculture and  Irrigation 209
Mycorrhizal Association 209
 Harvesting 209
Improvement and Prospects 209
 Tissue culture 209
References 209
Chapter-29.  Water Spinach 211
Nutritive value of   water spinach 211
Origin and Distribution 212
Botanical Description 212
Cultivars 213
Climate and  Soil 213
Propagation 214
Spacing 214
Manures and Fertilizers 214
Mulching and  Ratooning 214
Harvesting, Yield and Storage 215
Plant  Protection 216
Seed Production 216
Genetic Resources and Improvement 216
References 216
UNIT: V  YAM AND BEANS  
Chapter-30. Elephant  Foot Yam 219
The nutritive value of  elephant foot yam 219
Botanical Description 220
Cytological Studies 221
Description of  A. paenifolius 221
Varieties 222
Climate and  Soil 222
Field Preparation and Planting 222
Rapid multiplication of elephant foot yam 223
Sprout bud culture 223
Manures and fertilizes 223
Irrigation 224
Interculture 224
Harvesting and Yield 224
In vitro Propagation 224
References 224
Chapter-31. Yams 226
 List of common and underutilized  Yams 227
 Greater yam  (Dioscorea alata L.) 227
 Lesser yam  ( Dioscorea  esculenta (Lour) Burk. 229
 White yam  ( Dioscorea rotundata Poir.) 231
Potato yam  ( Dioscorea bulbifera L.) 232
Yellow yam (D. cayenesis L.) 233
Bitter yam (D. dumentorum (Kunth.) 234
Chinese yam (D. opposita Thunb.) 234
Buck yam (D. pentaphylla L.) 235
Cush-Cush yam (D. trifida L.) 235
Dioscorea japonica Thunb.) 236
  Dioscorea nummularia Lam.) 237
Dioscorea belophylla Voight) 237
D. anguina Roxb. Syn. D. puber. 237
References 238
Chapter-32. Yam Bean 239
Nutritive value of   yam bean 239
Origin and Distribution 240
Botanical Description 240
Climate and  Soil 241
 Propagation 241
Time of Planting 241
Manures and Fertilizers 241
 Flowering and Root Growth 242
 Harvesting and Yield 242
 Major diseases 243
 Cultivars 243
 Genetic Resources and Improvement 244
References 245
Chapter-33. Lima Bean 248
Nutritive value of Lima bean 248
Origin and Distribution 248
Botanical Description 249
Important  Species under the genus  Phaseolus 249
Description of Plant 250
Cultivars 250
Climate and  Soil 251
Seed Sowing and Germination 251
 Nitrogen Fixation 251
Harvesting and Yield 251
 Seed Production 251
Major Diseases 252
Genetic Resources and Improvement 253
References 254
Chapter-34. Winged Bean 257
Nutritive value of  Winged Bean 257
The amino acid composition of winged bean pods and seeds 257
Nutritive value of winged bean tuberous root 258
Origin and Distribution 258
Botanical Description 258
Embryology and Seed Development 259
Climate and  Soil 259
Sowing and Seed Rate 259
Manures and Fertilizers 260
Nodulation 260
Staking 260
Flowering and Photoperiod 260
 Harvesting and Yield 261
 Major diseases 261
Major Pests 257
Improvement 261
In- vitro  propagation 262
References 262

 

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Dr. A.K. Pandey is Dean, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University, Jhansi.  Prior to join RLBCAU, Jhansi, Dr. Pandey served as Dean, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Pasighat, Arunachal Pradesh under Central Agricultural University, Imphal, Manipur. Before entering Central University service, Dr. Pandey worked as Principal Scientist at Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi. He is ARS Scientist of 1985 batch. Dr. Pandey obtained his M.Sc. (Ag.) and Ph.D. degree in Horticulture from C.S. Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur. Dr. Pandey participated in the Ist International Post Graduate Course on Protected Agriculture in Arid and Semi-arid Region at Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel. He has published more than 87 research papers, 172 popular articles and review articles in journals of national and international repute. Dr. Pandey till date has authored 15 books, and out of his many books, Underutilized Vegetable Crops ,  Aquatic vegetables, Velvet bean   (Mucuna prureins L. DC.),  Exotic Vegetables,  Curry leaf and  and  The wealth of Perennial Vegetables are most referred text. Dr. Pandey’s contribution towards utilizing the underutilized vegetable crops in addressing the nutritional security is considered one of the most notable achievements in enriching the food diversity and inviting the attention of researchers to lesser known vegetables of the country.

Dr. Pandey has been conferred several awards and honours for his distinguished academic contributions. Hon’ble President of India has conferred on him the prestigious Rajiv Gandhi Gyan-Vigyan Purskar.  Apart from these, Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Ministry of Defence, Government of India honoured him  thrice for his significant contribution. Dr. Pandey is a prolific writer and for his significant contribution, Scientific and Applied Research Centre, Meerut. UP has conferred on him the Outstanding Authorship in Science and Technology Award, 2010 and Life Time Achievement Award, 2016 by BSRD, Allahabad. Dr. Pandey is a Member on Board of a number of Scientific Societies and Academic panels. He is a fellow of Indian Society of Vegetable Science (ISVS), Varanasi and Society of Biological Sciences and Rural Development, Allahabad.

Additional information

AUTHOR/AUTHORS

A.K. PANDEY

PAGES

264

BINDING

Hard Back

PUBLICATION YEAR

2022